Sulfur

Chemical, physical and material properties and data of the chemical element Sulfur.

Contents

General Information about Sulfur

Regular nameSulfurChemical symbolSOther namesHistorical namesName meaning, originDiscovery (year)OccurencePosition in the PSEGroup membership

Atomar Properties of Sulfur

Atomic number Z16 = number of protonsStandard Atomic Weight32.06
intervall: [32.059, 32.076]

Electron configuration of Sulfur

1s	2s	2p	3s	3p	3d	4s	4p	4d	4f	5s	5p	5d	5f	6s	6p	6d	6f	7s	7p
2	2	6	2	4

Shorthand electron configuration of Sulfur: [Ne] 3s² 3p⁴ .

Ionization Energies of Sulfur

The following table lists the ionization energies IE (ionization potentials); the IE is the energy required in electron volt (eV) per atom to separate a given electron from an Sulfur atom.

IE1	IE2	IE3	IE4	IE5	IE6	IE7	IE8
10.36001	23.33788	34.79	47.222	72.5945	88.0530	280.948	328.74

Isotopic Data of Sulfur

An overview of the nuclides as well as the isotopic data and properties are listed on the following page: Sulfur isotopes.

Chemistry of Sulfur

Oxidation states-2. +2. +4. +6Electronegativity2.5 (Pauling original)
2.58 (Pauling)
2.589 (Allen)
2.5 (Mulliken)
2.66 (Sanderson)
2.44 (Allred-Rochow)
6.8379 eV (Gosh Gupta)
6.22 eV (Pearson)Electron affinity2.077 104 2(6) eV
200.410 1(1) kJ mol^-1

Standard Electrode Potential

E⁰ (V)	Symbol	N_ox	Name Ox. Name Red.	Ox. Red.	e^-
-0.478	S	0 - II	Sulfur Hydrogensulfide anion	S + H₂O ⇄ SH^- + OH^-	+ 2 e^-
-0.47627	S	0 - II	Sulfur Sulfide anion	S ⇄ S^2-	+ 2 e^-
-0.42836	S	0 - II	Sulfur Disulfide anion	2 S ⇄ S₂^2-	+ 2 e^-
0.14	S	0 - II	Sulfur Hydrogen sulfide	S (s) + 2 H⁺ ⇄ H₂S (g)	+ 2 e^-
0.142	S	0 - II	Sulfur Hydrogen sulfide	S + 2 H⁺ ⇄ H₂S (aq)	+ 2 e^-
0.16	S	+ VI + IV	Hydrogensulfate anion Sulfur dioxide	HSO₄^- + 3 H⁺ ⇄ SO₂ (aq) + 2 H₂O (aq)	+ 2 e^-
0.17	S	+ VI + IV	Sulfate anion Sulfur dioxide	SO₄^2- + 4 H⁺ ⇄ SO₂ (aq) + 2 H₂O (aq)	+ 2 e^-
0.5	S	+ IV 0	Sulfur dioxide Sulfur	SO₂ (aq) + 4 H⁺ ⇄ S (s) + 2 H₂O	+ 4 e^-
0.6	S	+ II 0	Thiosulfate dianion Sulfur	S₂O₃^2- + 6 H⁺ ⇄ 2 S (s) + 3 H₂O	+ 4 e^-

Material and Physical Properties

Melting point115.21 °CEnthalpy of fusion (molar)1.727 kJ mol^-1Boiling point444.61 °CEnthalpy of vaporization9.62 kJ mol^-1Density2.07 g cm^-3 (α-S)

External Data, Identifiers

CAS registry number7704-34-9InChI =1S/SInChIKeyNINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-NPubChem ID5362487

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Last update: 2022-12-12

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