Silicon

Chemical, physical and material properties and data of the chemical element Silicon.

Contents

General Information about Silicon

Regular nameSiliconChemical symbolSiOther namesHistorical namesName meaning, originDiscovery (year)OccurencePosition in the PSEGroup membership

Atomar Properties of Silicon

Atomic number Z14 = number of protonsStandard Atomic Weight28.085
intervall: [28.084, 28.086]

Electron configuration of Silicon

1s	2s	2p	3s	3p	3d	4s	4p	4d	4f	5s	5p	5d	5f	6s	6p	6d	6f	7s	7p
2	2	6	2	2

Shorthand electron configuration of Silicon: [Ne] 3s² 3p² .

Ionization Energies of Silicon

The following table lists the ionization energies IE (ionization potentials); the IE is the energy required in electron volt (eV) per atom to separate a given electron from an Silicon atom.

IE1	IE2	IE3	IE4	IE5	IE6	IE7	IE8
8.15168	16.34584	33.49327	45.14215	166.769	205.27	246.5	303.54

Isotopic Data of Silicon

An overview of the nuclides as well as the isotopic data and properties are listed on the following page: Silicon isotopes.

Chemistry of Silicon

Oxidation states+4Electronegativity1.8 (Pauling original)
1.9 (Pauling)
1.916 (Allen)
2.0 (Mulliken)
1.74 (Sanderson)
1.74 (Allred-Rochow)
5.5236 eV (Gosh Gupta)
4.77 eV (Pearson)Electron affinity1.389 521 2(8) eV
134.068 4(1) kJ mol^-1

Standard Electrode Potential

E⁰ (V)	Symbol	N_ox	Name Ox. Name Red.	Ox. Red.	e^-
-1.697	Si	+ IV 0	Metasilicate anion Silicon	SiO₃^2- + 4 H⁺ + 3 H₂O ⇄ Si + 6 OH^-	+ 4 e^-
-1.24	Si	+ IV 0	Hexafluorosilicate anion Silicon	[SiF₆]^2- ⇄ Si + 6 F^-	+ 4 e^-
-0.8	Si	+ II 0	Silicon(II) oxide Silicon	SiO + 2 H⁺ ⇄ Si + H₂O	+ 2 e^-
-0.14	Si	0 - IV	Silicon Monosilane	Si(s) + 4 H⁺ ⇄ SiH₄ (g)	+ 4 e^-
0.857	Si	+ IV 0	Quartz Silicon	SiO₂ + 4 H⁺ ⇄ Si + 2 H₂O	+ 4 e^-

Material and Physical Properties

Melting point1414 °CEnthalpy of fusion (molar)50.21 kJ mol^-1Boiling point3265 °CEnthalpy of vaporization383.3 kJ mol^-1Density2.336 g cm^-3 (20 °C)

External Data, Identifiers

CAS registry number7440-21-3InChI =1S/SiInChIKeyXUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-NPubChem ID5461123

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Last update: 2022-12-12

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