Phosphorus

Chemical, physical and material properties and data of the chemical element Phosphorus.

Contents

General Information about Phosphorus

Regular namePhosphorusChemical symbolPOther namesHistorical namesName meaning, originDiscovery (year)OccurencePosition in the PSEGroup membership

Atomar Properties of Phosphorus

Atomic number Z15 = number of protonsStandard Atomic Weight30.973761998 (5)

Electron configuration of Phosphorus

1s	2s	2p	3s	3p	3d	4s	4p	4d	4f	5s	5p	5d	5f	6s	6p	6d	6f	7s	7p
2	2	6	2	3

Shorthand electron configuration of Phosphorus: [Ne] 3s² 3p³ .

Ionization Energies of Phosphorus

The following table lists the ionization energies IE (ionization potentials); the IE is the energy required in electron volt (eV) per atom to separate a given electron from an Phosphorus atom.

IE1	IE2	IE3	IE4	IE5	IE6	IE7	IE8
10.48669	19.7695	30.20288	51.4443	65.02564	220.423	263.57	309.60

Isotopic Data of Phosphorus

An overview of the nuclides as well as the isotopic data and properties are listed on the following page: Phosphorus isotopes.

Chemistry of Phosphorus

Oxidation states- III. +III. +VElectronegativity2.1 (Pauling original)
2.19 (Pauling)
2.253 (Allen)
2.3 (Mulliken)
2.16 (Sanderson)
2.06 (Allred-Rochow)
6.3405 eV (Gosh Gupta)
5.62 eV (Pearson)Electron affinity0.746 607(10) eV
72.037(1) kJ mol^-1

Standard Electrode Potential

E⁰ (V)	Symbol	N_ox	Name Ox. Name Red.	Ox. Red.	e^-
-0.499	P	+ III + I	Phosphorous acid Hypophosphorous acid	H₃PO₃ (aq) + 2 H⁺ ⇄ H₃PO₂ + H₂O	+ 2 e^-
-0.276	P	+ V + III	Phosphoric acid Phosphorous acid	H₃PO₄ (aq) + 2 H⁺ ⇄ H₃PO₃ (aq) + H₂O	+ 2 e^-
-0.111	P	0 - III	Phosphorus, red Monophosphane	P + 3 H⁺ ⇄ PH₃ (g)	+ 3 e^-
-0.063	P	0 - III	Phosphorus, white Monophosphane	P + 3 H⁺ ⇄ PH₃ (g)	+ 3 e^-

Material and Physical Properties

Melting point44.15 °C (w)
597.2 °CEnthalpy of fusion (molar)w: 0.66 kJ mol^-1Boiling point280.5 °C (w)
431 °C (r. Sublimation)
620 °C (v)Enthalpy of vaporizationw: 51.9 kJ mol^-1Density2.34 g cm^-3 (r)
1.823 g cm^-3 (w)
2.36 g cm^-3 (v)
2.69 g cm^-3 (schwarz)
jeweils bei Raumtemperatur.

External Data, Identifiers

CAS registry number7723-14-0InChI =1S/PInChIKeyOAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-NPubChem ID5462309

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Last update: 2022-12-12

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