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Isotopes of Ruthenium

List, data and properties of all known isotopes of Ruthenium.

Content
Atomic properties
Decay properties
NMR active nuclides
Radiation protection
References
Ruthenium isotopes

All atomic nuclei of the chemical element ruthenium are summarized under ruthenium isotopes; these all consist of an atomic nucleus with 44 protons and, in the uncharged state, 44 electrons. The difference between each ruthenium isotope is based on the number of neutrons in the nucleus.

 

Naturally Occurring Ruthenium Isotopes

Natural ruthenium deposits consist of a mixture of seven different stable isotopes:

Atomic Mass maQuantityHalf-lifeSpin
Ruthenium
Isotopic mixture		101,07 u100 %
Isotope 96Ru95,907590(3) u5,54(14) %stable0+
Isotope 98Ru97,90529(5) u1,87(3) %stable0+
Isotope 99Ru98,905934(7) u12,76(14) %stable5/2+
Isotope 100Ru99,904214(7) u12,60(7) %stable0+
Isotope 101Ru100,905577(8) u17,06(2) %stable5/2+
Isotope 102Ru101,904344(8) u31,55(14) %stable0+
Isotope 104Ru103,90543(2) u18,62(27) %stable0+

 

All other ruthenium nuclides known and characterized to date are unstable and have no significance for technical applications.

 

Isotope Table: Ruthenium

The two following tables list the most important data and properties of the Ruthenium isotopes. Further information on the individual Ruthenium isotopes is listed on separate pages and can be accessed via the link in column 1.

 

Atomic Properties

Isotope
Nuclide		ENAtomic Mass
[Nuclear Mass]
{Mass Excess}		Spin I
(h/2π)		Parent
123456
Ruthenium-858544Ru4184.96677(54) u
[84.9426337 u]
{-30.95355 MeV}
Ruthenium-868644Ru4285.95730(43) u
[85.9331637 u]
{-39.77479 MeV}		0+
Ruthenium-878744Ru4386.94918(64) u
[86.9250437 u]
{-47.33853 MeV}
Ruthenium-888844Ru4487.94166(32) u
[87.9175237 u]
{-54.34336 MeV}		0+
Ruthenium-898944Ru4588.93745(32) u
[88.9133137 u]
{-58.26495 MeV}		(9/2+)
Ruthenium-909044Ru4689.930344(4) u
[89.9062077 u]
{-64.88415 MeV}		0+
Ruthenium-919144Ru4790.9267415(24) u
[90.9026052 u]
{-68.23985 MeV}		(9/2+)
Ruthenium-91m91m44Ru4790.9267415(24) u
[90.9026052 u]
{-68.23985 MeV}		(1/2-)
Ruthenium-929244Ru4891.9202344(24) u
[91.8960981 u]
{-74.30118 MeV}		0+92Rh
93Pd
Ruthenium-939344Ru4992.9171044(22) u
[92.8929681 u]
{-77.21675 MeV}		(9/2)+
Ruthenium-93m193m144Ru4992.9171044(22) u
[92.8929681 u]
{-77.21675 MeV}		(1/2)-
Ruthenium-93m293m244Ru4992.9171044(22) u
[92.8929681 u]
{-77.21675 MeV}		(21/2)+
Ruthenium-949444Ru5093.911343(3) u
[93.8872067 u]
{-82.58346 MeV}		0+94Rh
95Pd
Ruthenium-94m94m44Ru5093.911343(3) u
[93.8872067 u]
{-82.58346 MeV}		8+
Ruthenium-959544Ru5194.910404(10) u
[94.8862677 u]
{-83.45814 MeV}		5/2+95Rh
Ruthenium-969644Ru5295.907590(3) u
[95.8834537 u]
{-86.07936 MeV}		0+96Rh
Ruthenium-979744Ru5396.907546(3) u
[96.8834097 u]
{-86.12035 MeV}		5/2+97Rh
Ruthenium-989844Ru5497.90529(5) u
[97.8811537 u]
{-88.2218 MeV}		0+98Rh
98Tc
Ruthenium-999944Ru5598.905934(7) u
[98.8817977 u]
{-87.62191 MeV}		5/2+99Rh
99Tc
Ruthenium-10010044Ru5699.904214(7) u
[99.8800777 u]
{-89.22408 MeV}		0+100Rh
100Tc
100Mo
Ruthenium-10110144Ru57100.905577(8) u
[100.8814407 u]
{-87.95446 MeV}		5/2+101Rh
101Tc
Ruthenium-101m101m44Ru57100.905577(8) u
[100.8814407 u]
{-87.95446 MeV}		11/2-
Ruthenium-10210244Ru58101.904344(8) u
[101.8802077 u]
{-89.10299 MeV}		0+102Rh
102Tc
Ruthenium-10310344Ru59102.9063148(5) u
[102.8821785 u]
{-87.2672 MeV}		3/2+103Tc
Ruthenium-103m103m44Ru59102.9063148(5) u
[102.8821785 u]
{-87.2672 MeV}		11/2-
Ruthenium-10410444Ru60103.90543(2) u
[103.8812937 u]
{-88.09139 MeV}		0+104Rh
104Tc
Ruthenium-10510544Ru61104.9077455(27) u
[104.8836092 u]
{-85.93451 MeV}		3/2+105Tc
Ruthenium-105m105m44Ru61104.9077455(27) u
[104.8836092 u]
{-85.93451 MeV}		(5/2)+
Ruthenium-10610644Ru62105.907328(6) u
[105.8831917 u]
{-86.32341 MeV}		0+106Tc
Ruthenium-10710744Ru63106.909970(9) u
[106.8858337 u]
{-83.8624 MeV}		(5/2)+107Tc
Ruthenium-10810844Ru64107.910186(9) u
[107.8860497 u]
{-83.6612 MeV}		0+108Tc
252Cf
Ruthenium-10910944Ru65108.913324(10) u
[108.8891877 u]
{-80.73817 MeV}		(5/2+)109Tc
252Cf
Ruthenium-109m109m44Ru65108.913324(10) u
[108.8891877 u]
{-80.73817 MeV}		(1/2+)
Ruthenium-11011044Ru66109.914039(10) u
[109.8899027 u]
{-80.07216 MeV}		0+110Tc
Ruthenium-11111144Ru67110.917568(10) u
[110.8934317 u]
{-76.78491 MeV}		5/2+111Tc
252Cf
248Cm
Ruthenium-11211244Ru68111.918807(10) u
[111.8946707 u]
{-75.63079 MeV}		0+112Tc
Ruthenium-11311344Ru69112.92285(4) u
[112.8987137 u]
{-71.86476 MeV}		(1/2+)252Cf
Ruthenium-113m113m44Ru69112.92285(4) u
[112.8987137 u]
{-71.86476 MeV}		(7/2-)
Ruthenium-11411444Ru70113.924614(4) u
[113.9004777 u]
{-70.22161 MeV}		0+248Cm
Ruthenium-11511544Ru71114.92894(10) u
[114.9048037 u]
{-66.19196 MeV}		(3/2+)
Ruthenium-11611644Ru72115.931219(4) u
[115.9070827 u]
{-64.06909 MeV}		0+
Ruthenium-11711744Ru73116.93613(46) u
[116.9119937 u]
{-59.49452 MeV}
Ruthenium-11811844Ru74117.93853(21) u
[117.9143937 u]
{-57.25894 MeV}		0+
Ruthenium-11911944Ru75118.94357(32) u
[118.9194337 u]
{-52.56421 MeV}
Ruthenium-12012044Ru76119.94631(43) u
[119.9221737 u]
{-50.01191 MeV}		0+
Ruthenium-12112144Ru77120.95164(43) u
[120.9275037 u]
{-45.04705 MeV}
Ruthenium-12212244Ru78121.95475(54) u
[121.9306137 u]
{-42.1501 MeV}		0+
Ruthenium-12312344Ru79122.96019(54) u
[122.9360537 u]
{-37.08278 MeV}
Ruthenium-12412444Ru80123.96354(64) u
[123.9394037 u]
{-33.96227 MeV}		0+

 

Radioactive Decay Properties

IsotopeRadioactive DecayExtern
Half-lifeDecay ModeProbabilityEnergy
789101112
Ru-85450 nsEC/β+ → 85Tc
EC, p → 84Mo
p → 84Tc		?
?
?		14.9 MeV
Ru-86438 nsEC/β+ → 86Tc
EC, p → 85Mo		?
?		11.8 MeV
Ru-87> 1.5 μsEC/β+ → 87TcAL
Ru-881.2 sEC/β+ → 88Tc
EC, p → 87Mo		100 %
?		7.34(33) MeV
AL
Ru-891.5(2) sEC/β+ → 89Tc
ε, p → 88Mo		ca. 97 %
ca. 3 %		9.13(30) MeV
AL
Ru-9011(3) sEC/β+ → 90Tc100 %5.841(4) MeVAL
Ru-918.0(4) sEC/β+ → 91Tc100 %7.747(3) MeVAL
Ru-91m7.6(8) sEC/β+ → 91Tc
EC, p → 90Mo
Iso → 91Ru		> 0 %
> 0 %
?
Ru-923.65(5) minEC/β+ → 92Tc100 %4.624(4) MeVAL
Ru-9359.7(6) sEC/β+ → 93Tc100 %6.3894(23) MeVAL
Ru-93m110.8(3) sEC/β+ → 93Tc
ε, p → 92Mo
Iso → 93Ru		78.0(23) %
0.027(5) %
22.0(23) %
Ru-93m22.49(15) μs
Ru-9451.8(6) minEC → 94Tc100 %1.575(5) MeVAL
Ru-94m71(4) μ sIso → 94Ru100 %
Ru-951.643(13) hEC/β+ → 95Tc100 %2.564(11) MeVAL
Ru-96stableAL
Ru-972.83(23) dEC/β+ → 97Tc100 %1.104(5) MeVAL
Ru-98stableAL
Ru-99stableAL
Ru-100stableAL
Ru-101stableAL
Ru-101m17.5(4) μsIso → 101Ru100 %
Ru-102stableAL
Ru-10339.247(13) dβ- → 103Rh100 %0.7645(23) MeVAL
Ru-103m1.69(7) msIso → 103Ru100 %
Ru-104stableAL
Ru-1054.44(2) hβ- → 105Rh100 %1.916(8) MeVAL
Ru-105340(15) ns
Ru-106371.8(18) dβ- → 106Rh100 %0.03940(21) MeVAL
Ru-1073.75(5) minβ- → 107Rh100 %3.001(15) MeVAL
Ru-1084.55(5) minβ- → 108Rh100 %1.370(16) MeVAL
Ru-10934.4(2) sβ- → 109Rh100 %4.261(10) MeVAL
Ru-109m0.50(12) μs
Ru-11012.04(17) sβ- → 110Rh100 %2.756(19) MeVAL
Ru-1112.12(7) sβ- → 111Rh100 %5.519(12) MeVAL
Ru-1121.75(7) sβ- → 112Rh100 %4.10(5) MeVAL
Ru-1130.80(5) sβ- → 113Rh100 %6.90(4) MeVAL
Ru-113m510(30) msβ- → 113Rhca. 100 %
Ru-1140.54(3) sβ- → 114Rh100 %5.49(7) MeVAL
Ru-115318(19) msβ- → 115Rh
β-, n → 114Rh		100 %
?		8.04(9) MeV
1.45(11) MeV		AL
Ru-116204(6) msβ- → 116Rh
β-, n → 115Rh
?		6.67(7) MeV
2.09(8) MeV		AL
Ru-117151(3) msβ- → 117Rh
β-, n → 116Rh		100 %
?		9.41(43) MeV
3.17(44) MeV		AL
Ru-11899(3) msβ- → 118Rh
β-, n → 117Rh
?		7.63(20) MeV
3.57(20) MeV		AL
Ru-11969.5(20) msβ- → 119Rh
β-, n →
β-, 2n →
?
?		10.26(30) MeV
4.25(30) MeV
AL
Ru-12042(2) msβ- → 120Rh
β-, n → 119Rh
8.80(45) MeV
4.74(40) MeV		AL
Ru-12129(2) msβ- → 121Rh
β-, n → 120Rh
β-, 2n → 119Rh
?
?		11.20(74) MeV
5.70(45) MeV
AL
Ru-12225(1) msβ- → 122Rh
β-, n → 121Rh
β-, 2n →
?
?		9.93(58) MeV
6.03(80) MeV
AL
Ru-12319(2) msβ- → 123Rh
β-, n → 122Rh
β-, 2n → 121Rh
?
?		12.28(64) MeV
6.93(58) MeV
AL
Ru-12415(3) msβ- → 124Rh
β-, n → 123Rh
β-, 2n → 122Rh
?
?		10.93(72) MeV
7.33(72) MeV
AL

 

Notes (related to the columns):

1 - name of the nuclide, isotope.
2 - E: isotope symbol with mass number (superscript; number of nucleons) and atomic number (subscript; number of protons).
3 - N: number of neutrons.
4 - relative atomic mass of the Ruthenium isotope (isotopic mass including electrons) and the mass of the atomic nucleus in square brackets (nuclear mass, nuclide mass without electrons), each related to 12C = 12.00000 [2]. In addition, the mass excess is given in MeV.
5 - nuclear spin I, unit: h/2π.
6 - source nuclides: Possible, assumed or actual source nuclides (mother nuclides, parent nuclides). If applicable, the corresponding decay modes can be found in the data for the respective starting nuclide.

7 - isotope notation in short form.
8 - decay: half-live of the Ruthenium isotope (a = years; ; d = days; h = hours; min = minutes; s = seconds).
9 - decay mode: type of decay into the respective daughter nuclides with n = neutron emission; p = proton emission; α = alpha decay; β- = beta minus decay with electron emission; EC = electron capture; β+ = positron emission; ε = β+ and/or EC; Iso = isomeric transition; CD = cluster decay; SF = spontaneous decay.
10 - decay probability in percent (%).
11 - decay energy; Particle energy related to decay type.
12 - other information and notes: AL = Adopted Levels (link to external data [1]).

Miscellaneous:

()- Numbers in brackets: uncertainty to represent the spread of the reported value.
~ - Theoretical values or systematic trends.
  - unlisted-: Nuclides that have already been mentioned in the literature but for some reason can no longer be found in the current nuclide tables because their discovery e.g. has not confirmed.

 

NMR active Ruthenium nuclides

Nuclide
quantity 1)
spin		Nuclear
magnetic
moment
μ/μN		Gyromagnetic ratio
{Quadrupole moment}		Resonant
frequency
v0 bei 1 T		Relative
sensitivity
H0 = const.
v0 = const. 3)
99Ru
12,76(14) %
5/2+		- 0,641(5)- 1,2286
{+ 7,9(4)}		1,95530,00113
0,5358
101Ru
17,06(2) %
5/2+		- 0.718(6)- 1,3773
{+ 45,7(23)}		2,19160,00159
0,6005

1) Quantity Percentage of natural occurrence.

2) Gyromagnetic ratio: 107 rad T-1 s-1
    Quadrupole moment: Q fm-2

3) Related to 1H = 1,000.

 

Radiation Protection

According to the Radiation Protection Ordinance (StrlSchV 2018, Germany), the following values (columns 1 to 7) apply to the handling of Ruthenium radionuclides:

NuclideLimit ValueHASS limitSCDaughter NuclidesHalf-life
Ru-94106 Bq100 Bq/g51.8 min
Ru-97107 Bq10 Bq/g0,3 TBq10 Bq cm-22.9 d
Ru-103+106 Bq1 Bq/g0,1 TBq10 Bq cm-2Rh-102m39.3 d
Ru-105+106 Bq10 Bq/g0,08 TBq1 Bq cm-24.4 h
Ru-106+105 Bq0,1 Bq/g0,3 TBq10 Bq cm-2Rh-106372.6 d

(HASS = High-Activity Sealed Radioactive Sources; SC = surface contamination)

 

Literature Sources and References

Properties of the Ruthenium nucleides

[1] - NuDat: National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, based on ENSDF and the Nuclear Wallet Cards.

[2] - G. Audi et. al.: The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties. Nuclear Physics, (2003), DOI 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.

[3] - Live Chart of Nuclides. Nuclear structure and decay data.

Ruthenium: NMR properties - 99Ru-NMR, 101Ru-NMR

[4] - N. J. Stone: Table of nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, (2005), DOI 10.1016/j.adt.2005.04.001.

[5] - Pekka Pyykkö: Year-2008 nuclear quadrupole moments. Molecular Physics, (2008), DOI 10.1080/00268970802018367.

[6] - Pekka Pyykkö: Year-2017 nuclear quadrupole moments. Molecular Physics, (2018), DOI 10.1080/00268976.2018.1426131.

[7] - N. J. Stone: Table of recommended nuclear magnetic dipole moments. IAEA, (2019).

More sources:

[8] - Isotopic abundances, atomic weights and isotopic masses: see respective keyword.

[9] - John W. Arblaster:
The Discoverers of the Ruthenium Isotopes.
In: Platinum Metals Review, (2011), DOI 10.1595/147106711x592448.

[10] - A. Nystrom, M. Thoennessen:
Discovery of Yttrium, Zirconium, Niobium, Technetium, and Ruthenium Isotopes.
In: Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, (2012), DOI 10.1016/j.adt.2011.12.002.

 

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