Germanium

Chemical, physical and material properties and data of the chemical element Germanium.

Contents

General Information about Germanium

Regular nameGermaniumChemical symbolGeOther namesHistorical namesName meaning, originDiscovery (year)OccurencePosition in the PSEGroup membership

Atomar Properties of Germanium

Atomic number Z32 = number of protonsStandard Atomic Weight72.630 (8)

Electron configuration of Germanium

1s	2s	2p	3s	3p	3d	4s	4p	4d	4f	5s	5p	5d	5f	6s	6p	6d	6f	7s	7p
2	2	6	2	6	10	2	2

Shorthand electron configuration of Germanium: [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p² .

Ionization Energies of Germanium

The following table lists the ionization energies IE (ionization potentials); the IE is the energy required in electron volt (eV) per atom to separate a given electron from an Germanium atom.

IE1	IE2	IE3	IE4	IE5	IE6	IE7	IE8
7.89943	15.93461	34.0576	45.7155	94.500	115.9	144.9	176.4

Isotopic Data of Germanium

An overview of the nuclides as well as the isotopic data and properties are listed on the following page: Germanium isotopes.

Chemistry of Germanium

Oxidation states+4. +2Electronegativity1.8 (Pauling original)
2.01 (Pauling)
1.994 (Allen)
1.9 (Mulliken)
2.31 (Sanderson)
2.02 (Allred-Rochow)
5.1318 eV (Gosh Gupta)
4.6 eV (Pearson)Electron affinity1.232 676 4(13) eV
118.935 2(2) kJ mol^-1

Standard Electrode Potential

E⁰ (V)	Symbol	N_ox	Name Ox. Name Red.	Ox. Red.	e^-
-0.37	Ge	+ IV + II	Germanium dioxide Germanium oxide	GeO₂ + 2 H⁺ ⇄ GeO (s) + H₂O (l)	+ 2 e^-
-0.29	Ge	0 - IV	Germanium Monogermane	Ge (s) + 4 H⁺ ⇄ GeH₄ (g)	+ 4 e^-
0.12	Ge	+ IV 0	Germanium(IV) cation Germanium	Ge⁴⁺ ⇄ Ge (s)	+ 4 e^-
0.26	Ge	+ II 0	Germanium oxide Germanium	GeO (s) + 2 H⁺ ⇄ Ge (s) + H₂O	+ 2 e^-

Material and Physical Properties

Melting point938.25 °CEnthalpy of fusion (molar)36.94 kJ mol^-1Boiling point2833 °CEnthalpy of vaporization334.3 kJ mol^-1Density5.323 g cm^-3

External Data, Identifiers

CAS registry number7440-56-4InChI =1S/GeInChIKeyGNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-NPubChem ID6326954

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Last update: 2022-12-12

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